OrcaSlicer-bambulab/src/libslic3r/GCode/AvoidCrossingPerimeters.cpp

#include "../Layer.hpp"
#include "../GCode.hpp"
#include "../EdgeGrid.hpp"
#include "../Print.hpp"
#include "../Polygon.hpp"
#include "../ExPolygon.hpp"
#include "../Geometry.hpp"
#include "../ClipperUtils.hpp"
#include "../SVG.hpp"
#include "AvoidCrossingPerimeters.hpp"

#include <numeric>
#include <unordered_set>

namespace Slic3r {

struct TravelPoint
{
    Point point;
    // Index of the polygon containing this point. A negative value indicates that the point is not on any border.
    int   border_idx;
};

struct Intersection
{
    // Index of the polygon containing this point of intersection.
    size_t border_idx;
    // Index of the line on the polygon containing this point of intersection.
    size_t line_idx;
    // Point of intersection.
    Point  point;
};

// Finding all intersections of a set of contours with a line segment.
struct AllIntersectionsVisitor
{
    AllIntersectionsVisitor(const EdgeGrid::Grid &grid, std::vector<Intersection> &intersections)
        : grid(grid), intersections(intersections)
    {}

    AllIntersectionsVisitor(const EdgeGrid::Grid      &grid,
                            std::vector<Intersection> &intersections,
                            const Line                &travel_line)
        : grid(grid), intersections(intersections), travel_line(travel_line)
    {}

    void reset() {
        intersection_set.clear();
    }

    bool operator()(coord_t iy, coord_t ix)
    {
        // Called with a row and colum of the grid cell, which is intersected by a line.
        auto cell_data_range = grid.cell_data_range(iy, ix);
        for (auto it_contour_and_segment = cell_data_range.first; it_contour_and_segment != cell_data_range.second; ++it_contour_and_segment) {
            Point intersection_point;
            if (travel_line.intersection(grid.line(*it_contour_and_segment), &intersection_point) &&
                intersection_set.find(*it_contour_and_segment) == intersection_set.end()) {
                intersections.push_back({ it_contour_and_segment->first, it_contour_and_segment->second, intersection_point });
                intersection_set.insert(*it_contour_and_segment);
            }
        }
        // Continue traversing the grid along the edge.
        return true;
    }

    const EdgeGrid::Grid                                                                 &grid;
    std::vector<Intersection>                                                            &intersections;
    Line                                                                                  travel_line;
    std::unordered_set<std::pair<size_t, size_t>, boost::hash<std::pair<size_t, size_t>>> intersection_set;
};

template<bool forward>
static Point find_first_different_vertex(const Polygon &polygon, const size_t point_idx, const Point &point)
{
    assert(point_idx < polygon.size());
    auto line_idx = int(point_idx);
    //FIXME endless loop if all points are equal to point?
    if constexpr (forward)
        for (; point == polygon.points[line_idx]; line_idx = line_idx + 1 < int(polygon.points.size()) ? line_idx + 1 : 0);
    else
        for (; point == polygon.points[line_idx]; line_idx = line_idx - 1 >= 0 ? line_idx - 1 : int(polygon.points.size()) - 1);
    return polygon.points[line_idx];
}

//FIXME will be in Point.h in the master
template<typename T, int Options>
inline Eigen::Matrix<T, 2, 1, Eigen::DontAlign> perp(const Eigen::MatrixBase<Eigen::Matrix<T, 2, 1, Options>>& v) { return Eigen::Matrix<T, 2, 1, Eigen::DontAlign>(-v.y(), v.x()); }

static Vec2d three_points_inward_normal(const Point &left, const Point &middle, const Point &right)
{
    assert(left != middle);
    assert(middle != right);
    return (perp(Point(middle - left)).cast<double>().normalized() + perp(Point(right - middle)).cast<double>().normalized()).normalized();
}

// Compute normal of the polygon's vertex in an inward direction
static Vec2d get_polygon_vertex_inward_normal(const Polygon &polygon, const size_t point_idx)
{
    const size_t left_idx  = point_idx == 0 ? polygon.size() - 1 : point_idx - 1;
    const size_t right_idx = point_idx + 1 == polygon.size() ? 0 : point_idx + 1;
    const Point &middle    = polygon.points[point_idx];
    const Point &left      = find_first_different_vertex<false>(polygon, left_idx, middle);
    const Point &right     = find_first_different_vertex<true>(polygon, right_idx, middle);
    return three_points_inward_normal(left, middle, right);
}

// Compute offset of point_idx of the polygon in a direction of inward normal
static Point get_polygon_vertex_offset(const Polygon &polygon, const size_t point_idx, const int offset)
{
    return polygon.points[point_idx] + (get_polygon_vertex_inward_normal(polygon, point_idx) * double(offset)).cast<coord_t>();
}

// Compute offset (in the direction of inward normal) of the point(passed on "middle") based on the nearest points laying on the polygon (left_idx and right_idx).
static Point get_middle_point_offset(const Polygon &polygon, const size_t left_idx, const size_t right_idx, const Point &middle, const coord_t offset)
{
    const Point &left  = find_first_different_vertex<false>(polygon, left_idx, middle);
    const Point &right = find_first_different_vertex<true>(polygon, right_idx, middle);
    return middle + (three_points_inward_normal(left, middle, right) * double(offset)).cast<coord_t>();
}

static Polyline to_polyline(const std::vector<TravelPoint> &travel)
{
    Polyline result;
    result.points.reserve(travel.size());
    for (const TravelPoint &t_point : travel)
        result.append(t_point.point);
    return result;
}

static double travel_length(const std::vector<TravelPoint> &travel) {
    double total_length = 0;
    for (size_t idx = 1; idx < travel.size(); ++idx)
        total_length += (travel[idx].point - travel[idx - 1].point).cast<double>().norm();

    return total_length;
}

// #define AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT

#ifdef AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT
static void export_travel_to_svg(const Polygons                  &boundary,
                                 const Line                      &original_travel,
                                 const Polyline                  &result_travel,
                                 const std::vector<Intersection> &intersections,
                                 const std::string               &path)
{
    BoundingBox   bbox = get_extents(boundary);
    ::Slic3r::SVG svg(path, bbox);
    svg.draw_outline(boundary, "green");
    svg.draw(original_travel, "blue");
    svg.draw(result_travel, "red");
    svg.draw(original_travel.a, "black");
    svg.draw(original_travel.b, "grey");

    for (const Intersection &intersection : intersections)
        svg.draw(intersection.point, "lightseagreen");
}

static void export_travel_to_svg(const Polygons                  &boundary,
                                 const Line                      &original_travel,
                                 const std::vector<TravelPoint>  &result_travel,
                                 const std::vector<Intersection> &intersections,
                                 const std::string               &path)
{
    export_travel_to_svg(boundary, original_travel, to_polyline(result_travel), intersections, path);
}
#endif /* AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT */

// Returns a direction of the shortest path along the polygon boundary
enum class Direction { Forward, Backward };
static Direction get_shortest_direction(const Lines &lines,
                                        const size_t start_idx,
                                        const size_t end_idx,
                                        const Point &intersection_first,
                                        const Point &intersection_last)
{
    double total_length_forward  = (lines[start_idx].b - intersection_first).cast<double>().norm();
    double total_length_backward = (lines[start_idx].a - intersection_first).cast<double>().norm();

    auto cyclic_index = [&lines](int index) {
        if (index >= int(lines.size()))
            index = 0;
        else if (index < 0)
            index = int(lines.size()) - 1;

        return index;
    };

    for (int line_idx = cyclic_index(int(start_idx) + 1); line_idx != int(end_idx); line_idx = cyclic_index(line_idx + 1))
        total_length_forward += lines[line_idx].length();

    for (int line_idx = cyclic_index(int(start_idx) - 1); line_idx != int(end_idx); line_idx = cyclic_index(line_idx - 1))
        total_length_backward += lines[line_idx].length();

    total_length_forward += (lines[end_idx].a - intersection_last).cast<double>().norm();
    total_length_backward += (lines[end_idx].b - intersection_last).cast<double>().norm();

    return (total_length_forward < total_length_backward) ? Direction::Forward : Direction::Backward;
}

// Straighten the travel path as long as it does not collide with the contours stored in edge_grid.
static std::vector<TravelPoint> simplify_travel(const EdgeGrid::Grid &edge_grid, const std::vector<TravelPoint> &travel)
{
    // Visitor to check for a collision of a line segment with any contour stored inside the edge_grid.
    struct Visitor
    {
        Visitor(const EdgeGrid::Grid &grid) : grid(grid) {}

        bool operator()(coord_t iy, coord_t ix)
        {
            assert(pt_current != nullptr);
            assert(pt_next != nullptr);
            // Called with a row and colum of the grid cell, which is intersected by a line.
            auto cell_data_range = grid.cell_data_range(iy, ix);
            this->intersect      = false;
            for (auto it_contour_and_segment = cell_data_range.first; it_contour_and_segment != cell_data_range.second; ++it_contour_and_segment) {
                // End points of the line segment and their vector.
                auto segment = grid.segment(*it_contour_and_segment);
                if (Geometry::segments_intersect(segment.first, segment.second, *pt_current, *pt_next)) {
                    this->intersect = true;
                    return false;
                }
            }
            // Continue traversing the grid along the edge.
            return true;
        }

        const EdgeGrid::Grid &grid;
        const Slic3r::Point  *pt_current = nullptr;
        const Slic3r::Point  *pt_next    = nullptr;
        bool                  intersect  = false;
    } visitor(edge_grid);

    std::vector<TravelPoint> simplified_path;
    simplified_path.reserve(travel.size());
    simplified_path.emplace_back(travel.front());

    // Try to skip some points in the path.
    //FIXME maybe use a binary search to trim the line?
    //FIXME how about searching tangent point at long segments? 
    for (size_t point_idx = 1; point_idx < travel.size(); ++point_idx) {
        const Point &current_point = travel[point_idx - 1].point;
        TravelPoint  next          = travel[point_idx];

        visitor.pt_current = &current_point;

        for (size_t point_idx_2 = point_idx + 1; point_idx_2 < travel.size(); ++point_idx_2) {
            if (travel[point_idx_2].point == current_point) {
                next      = travel[point_idx_2];
                point_idx = point_idx_2;
                continue;
            }

            visitor.pt_next = &travel[point_idx_2].point;
            edge_grid.visit_cells_intersecting_line(*visitor.pt_current, *visitor.pt_next, visitor);
            // Check if deleting point causes crossing a boundary
            if (!visitor.intersect) {
                next      = travel[point_idx_2];
                point_idx = point_idx_2;
            }
        }

        simplified_path.emplace_back(next);
    }

    return simplified_path;
}

// Called by avoid_perimeters() and by simplify_travel_heuristics().
static size_t avoid_perimeters_inner(const Polygons           &boundaries,
                                     const EdgeGrid::Grid     &edge_grid,
                                     const Point              &start,
                                     const Point              &end,
                                     std::vector<TravelPoint> &result_out)
{
    // Find all intersections between boundaries and the line segment, sort them along the line segment.
    std::vector<Intersection> intersections;
    {
        AllIntersectionsVisitor visitor(edge_grid, intersections, Line(start, end));
        edge_grid.visit_cells_intersecting_line(start, end, visitor);
        Vec2d dir = (end - start).cast<double>();
        std::sort(intersections.begin(), intersections.end(), [dir](const auto &l, const auto &r) { return (r.point - l.point).template cast<double>().dot(dir) > 0.; });
    }

    std::vector<TravelPoint> result;
    result.push_back({start, -1});
    for (auto it_first = intersections.begin(); it_first != intersections.end(); ++it_first) {
        // The entry point to the boundary polygon
        const Intersection &intersection_first = *it_first;
        // Skip the it_first from the search for the farthest exit point from the boundary polygon
        auto it_last_item = std::make_reverse_iterator(it_first) - 1;
        // Search for the farthest intersection different from it_first but with the same border_idx
        auto it_second_r  = std::find_if(intersections.rbegin(), it_last_item, [&intersection_first](const Intersection &intersection) {
            return intersection_first.border_idx == intersection.border_idx;
        });

        // Append the first intersection into the path
        size_t left_idx  = intersection_first.line_idx;
        size_t right_idx = (intersection_first.line_idx >= (boundaries[intersection_first.border_idx].points.size() - 1)) ? 0 : (intersection_first.line_idx + 1);
        // Offset of the polygon's point using get_middle_point_offset is used to simplify the calculation of intersection between the
        // boundary and the travel. The appended point is translated in the direction of inward normal. This translation ensures that the
        // appended point will be inside the polygon and not on the polygon border.
        result.push_back({get_middle_point_offset(boundaries[intersection_first.border_idx], left_idx, right_idx, intersection_first.point, coord_t(SCALED_EPSILON)), int(intersection_first.border_idx)});

        // Check if intersection line also exit the boundary polygon
        if (it_second_r != it_last_item) {
            // Transform reverse iterator to forward
            auto it_second = (it_second_r.base() - 1);
            // The exit point from the boundary polygon
            const Intersection &intersection_second = *it_second;
            Lines               border_lines        = boundaries[intersection_first.border_idx].lines();

            Direction shortest_direction = get_shortest_direction(border_lines, intersection_first.line_idx, intersection_second.line_idx, intersection_first.point, intersection_second.point);
            // Append the path around the border into the path
            if (shortest_direction == Direction::Forward)
                for (int line_idx = int(intersection_first.line_idx); line_idx != int(intersection_second.line_idx);
                    line_idx      = (((line_idx + 1) < int(border_lines.size())) ? (line_idx + 1) : 0))
                    result.push_back({get_polygon_vertex_offset(boundaries[intersection_first.border_idx],
                                                                (line_idx + 1 == int(boundaries[intersection_first.border_idx].points.size())) ? 0 : (line_idx + 1), coord_t(SCALED_EPSILON)), int(intersection_first.border_idx)});
            else
                for (int line_idx = int(intersection_first.line_idx); line_idx != int(intersection_second.line_idx);
                    line_idx      = (((line_idx - 1) >= 0) ? (line_idx - 1) : (int(border_lines.size()) - 1)))
                    result.push_back({get_polygon_vertex_offset(boundaries[intersection_second.border_idx], line_idx + 0, coord_t(SCALED_EPSILON)), int(intersection_first.border_idx)});

            // Append the farthest intersection into the path
            left_idx  = intersection_second.line_idx;
            right_idx = (intersection_second.line_idx >= (boundaries[intersection_second.border_idx].points.size() - 1)) ? 0 : (intersection_second.line_idx + 1);
            result.push_back({get_middle_point_offset(boundaries[intersection_second.border_idx], left_idx, right_idx, intersection_second.point, coord_t(SCALED_EPSILON)), int(intersection_second.border_idx)});
            // Skip intersections in between
            it_first = it_second;
        }
    }

    result.push_back({end, -1});

#ifdef AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT
    {
        static int iRun = 0;
        export_travel_to_svg(boundaries, Line(start, end), result, intersections,
                             debug_out_path("AvoidCrossingPerimetersInner-initial-%d.svg", iRun++));
    }
#endif /* AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT */

    if (! intersections.empty())
        result = simplify_travel(edge_grid, result);

#ifdef AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT
    {
        static int iRun = 0;
        export_travel_to_svg(boundaries, Line(start, end), result, intersections,
                             debug_out_path("AvoidCrossingPerimetersInner-final-%d.svg", iRun++));
    }
#endif /* AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT */

    append(result_out, std::move(result));
    return intersections.size();
}

static std::vector<TravelPoint> simplify_travel_heuristics(const EdgeGrid::Grid           &edge_grid,
                                                           const std::vector<TravelPoint> &travel,
                                                           const Polygons                 &boundaries)
{
    std::vector<TravelPoint>  simplified_path;
    std::vector<Intersection> intersections;
    AllIntersectionsVisitor   visitor(edge_grid, intersections);
    simplified_path.reserve(travel.size());
    simplified_path.emplace_back(travel.front());
    for (size_t point_idx = 1; point_idx < travel.size(); ++point_idx) {
        // Skip all indexes on the same polygon
        while (point_idx < travel.size() && travel[point_idx - 1].border_idx == travel[point_idx].border_idx) {
            simplified_path.emplace_back(travel[point_idx]);
            point_idx++;
        }

        if (point_idx < travel.size()) {
            const TravelPoint       &current                 = travel[point_idx - 1];
            const TravelPoint       &next                    = travel[point_idx];
            TravelPoint              new_next                = next;
            size_t                   new_point_idx           = point_idx;
            double                   path_length             = (next.point - current.point).cast<double>().norm();
            double                   new_path_shorter_by     = 0.;
            size_t                   border_idx_change_count = 0;
            std::vector<TravelPoint> shortcut;
            for (size_t point_idx_2 = point_idx + 1; point_idx_2 < travel.size(); ++point_idx_2) {
                const TravelPoint &possible_new_next = travel[point_idx_2];
                if (travel[point_idx_2 - 1].border_idx != travel[point_idx_2].border_idx)
                    border_idx_change_count++;

                if (border_idx_change_count >= 2)
                    break;

                path_length += (possible_new_next.point - travel[point_idx_2 - 1].point).cast<double>().norm();
                double shortcut_length = (possible_new_next.point - current.point).cast<double>().norm();
                if ((path_length - shortcut_length) <= scale_(10.0))
                    continue;

                intersections.clear();
                visitor.reset();
                visitor.travel_line.a       = current.point;
                visitor.travel_line.b       = possible_new_next.point;
                edge_grid.visit_cells_intersecting_line(visitor.travel_line.a, visitor.travel_line.b, visitor);
                if (!intersections.empty()) {
                    Vec2d dir = (visitor.travel_line.b - visitor.travel_line.a).cast<double>();
                    std::sort(intersections.begin(), intersections.end(), [dir](const auto &l, const auto &r) { return (r.point - l.point).template cast<double>().dot(dir) > 0.; });
                    size_t last_border_idx_count = 0;
                    for (const Intersection &intersection : intersections)
                        if (int(intersection.border_idx) == possible_new_next.border_idx)
                            ++last_border_idx_count;

                    if (last_border_idx_count > 0)
                        continue;

                    std::vector<TravelPoint> possible_shortcut;
                    avoid_perimeters_inner(boundaries, edge_grid, current.point, possible_new_next.point, possible_shortcut);
                    double shortcut_travel = travel_length(possible_shortcut);
                    if (path_length > shortcut_travel && path_length - shortcut_travel > new_path_shorter_by) {
                        new_path_shorter_by = path_length - shortcut_travel;
                        shortcut            = possible_shortcut;
                        new_next            = possible_new_next;
                        new_point_idx       = point_idx_2;
                    }
                }
            }

            if (!shortcut.empty()) {
                assert(shortcut.size() >= 2);
                simplified_path.insert(simplified_path.end(), shortcut.begin() + 1, shortcut.end() - 1);
                point_idx = new_point_idx;
            }

            simplified_path.emplace_back(new_next);
        }
    }

    return simplified_path;
}

// Called by AvoidCrossingPerimeters::travel_to()
static size_t avoid_perimeters(const Polygons           &boundaries,
                               const EdgeGrid::Grid     &edge_grid,
                               const Point              &start,
                               const Point              &end,
                               Polyline                 &result_out)
{
    // Travel line is completely or partially inside the bounding box.
    std::vector<TravelPoint> path;
    size_t num_intersections = avoid_perimeters_inner(boundaries, edge_grid, start, end, path);
    if (num_intersections) {
        path = simplify_travel_heuristics(edge_grid, path, boundaries);
        std::reverse(path.begin(), path.end());
        path = simplify_travel_heuristics(edge_grid, path, boundaries);
        std::reverse(path.begin(), path.end());
    }

    result_out = to_polyline(path);

#ifdef AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT
    {
        static int iRun = 0;
        export_travel_to_svg(boundaries, Line(start, end), path, {}, debug_out_path("AvoidCrossingPerimeters-final-%d.svg", iRun ++));
    }
#endif /* AVOID_CROSSING_PERIMETERS_DEBUG_OUTPUT */

    return num_intersections;
}

// Check if anyone of ExPolygons contains whole travel.
// called by need_wipe()
template<class T> static bool any_expolygon_contains(const ExPolygons &ex_polygons, const T &travel)
{
    //FIXME filter by bounding boxes!
    for (const ExPolygon &ex_polygon : ex_polygons)
        if (ex_polygon.contains(travel))
            return true;
    return false;
}

static bool need_wipe(const GCode      &gcodegen,
                      const ExPolygons &slice,
                      const Line       &original_travel,
                      const Polyline   &result_travel,
                      const size_t      intersection_count)
{
    bool z_lift_enabled = gcodegen.config().retract_lift.get_at(gcodegen.writer().extruder()->id()) > 0.;
    bool wipe_needed    = false;

    // If the original unmodified path doesn't have any intersection with boundary, then it is entirely inside the object otherwise is entirely
    // outside the object.
    if (intersection_count > 0) {
        // The original layer is intersected with defined boundaries. Then it is necessary to make a detailed test.
        // If the z-lift is enabled, then a wipe is needed when the original travel leads above the holes.
        if (z_lift_enabled) {
            if (any_expolygon_contains(slice, original_travel)) {
                // Check if original_travel and result_travel are not same.
                // If both are the same, then it is possible to skip testing of result_travel
                wipe_needed = !(result_travel.size() > 2 && result_travel.first_point() == original_travel.a && result_travel.last_point() == original_travel.b) &&
                              !any_expolygon_contains(slice, result_travel);
            } else {
                wipe_needed = true;
            }
        } else {
            wipe_needed = !any_expolygon_contains(slice, result_travel);
        }
    }

    return wipe_needed;
}

// Plan travel, which avoids perimeter crossings by following the boundaries of the layer.
Polyline AvoidCrossingPerimeters::travel_to(const GCode &gcodegen, const Point &point, bool *could_be_wipe_disabled)
{
    // If use_external, then perform the path planning in the world coordinate system (correcting for the gcodegen offset).
    // Otherwise perform the path planning in the coordinate system of the active object.
    bool     use_external  = m_use_external_mp || m_use_external_mp_once;
    Point    scaled_origin = use_external ? Point::new_scale(gcodegen.origin()(0), gcodegen.origin()(1)) : Point(0, 0);
    Point    start         = gcodegen.last_pos() + scaled_origin;
    Point    end           = point + scaled_origin;
    Polyline result_pl;
    size_t   travel_intersection_count = 0;
    Vec2d startf = start.cast<double>();
    Vec2d endf   = end  .cast<double>();
    // Trim the travel line by the bounding box.
    if (Geometry::liang_barsky_line_clipping(startf, endf, use_external ? m_bbox_external : m_bbox)) {
        // Travel line is completely or partially inside the bounding box.
        travel_intersection_count = use_external ? 
            avoid_perimeters(m_boundaries_external, m_grid_external, startf.cast<coord_t>(), endf.cast<coord_t>(), result_pl) :
            avoid_perimeters(m_boundaries,          m_grid,          startf.cast<coord_t>(), endf.cast<coord_t>(), result_pl);
        result_pl.points.front() = start;
        result_pl.points.back()  = end;
    } else {
        // Travel line is completely outside the bounding box.
        result_pl                 = {start, end};
        travel_intersection_count = 0;
    }

    Line travel(start, end);
    double max_detour_length scale_(gcodegen.config().avoid_crossing_perimeters_max_detour);
    if (max_detour_length > 0 && (result_pl.length() - travel.length()) > max_detour_length)
        result_pl = {start, end};

    if (use_external) {
        result_pl.translate(-scaled_origin);
        *could_be_wipe_disabled = false;
    } else
        *could_be_wipe_disabled = !need_wipe(gcodegen, m_slice, travel, result_pl, travel_intersection_count);

    return result_pl;
}

// ************************************* AvoidCrossingPerimeters::init_layer() *****************************************

// called by get_perimeter_spacing() / get_perimeter_spacing_external()
static inline float get_default_perimeter_spacing(const Print &print)
{
    //FIXME better use extruders printing this PrintObject or this Print?
    //FIXME maybe better use an average of printing extruders?
    const std::vector<double> &nozzle_diameters = print.config().nozzle_diameter.values;
    return float(scale_(*std::max_element(nozzle_diameters.begin(), nozzle_diameters.end())));
}

// called by get_boundary()
static float get_perimeter_spacing(const Layer &layer)
{
    size_t regions_count     = 0;
    float  perimeter_spacing = 0.f;
    //FIXME not all regions are printing. Collect only non-empty regions?
    for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : layer.regions()) {
        perimeter_spacing += layer_region->flow(frPerimeter).scaled_spacing();
        ++ regions_count;
    }

    assert(perimeter_spacing >= 0.f);
    if (regions_count != 0)
        perimeter_spacing /= float(regions_count);
    else
        perimeter_spacing = get_default_perimeter_spacing(*layer.object()->print());
    return perimeter_spacing;
}

// called by get_boundary_external()
static float get_perimeter_spacing_external(const Layer &layer)
{
    size_t regions_count     = 0;
    float  perimeter_spacing = 0.f;
    for (const PrintObject *object : layer.object()->print()->objects())
        //FIXME with different layering, layers on other objects will not be found at this object's print_z.
        // Search an overlap of layers?
        if (const Layer *l = object->get_layer_at_printz(layer.print_z, EPSILON); l) 
            //FIXME not all regions are printing. Collect only non-empty regions?
            for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : l->regions()) {
                perimeter_spacing += layer_region->flow(frPerimeter).scaled_spacing();
                ++ regions_count;
            }

    assert(perimeter_spacing >= 0.f);
    if (regions_count != 0)
        perimeter_spacing /= float(regions_count);
    else
        perimeter_spacing = get_default_perimeter_spacing(*layer.object()->print());
    return perimeter_spacing;
}

// called by AvoidCrossingPerimeters::init_layer()->get_boundary()/get_boundary_external()
static std::pair<Polygons, Polygons> split_expolygon(const ExPolygons &ex_polygons)
{
    Polygons contours, holes;
    contours.reserve(ex_polygons.size());
    holes.reserve(std::accumulate(ex_polygons.begin(), ex_polygons.end(), size_t(0),
                                  [](size_t sum, const ExPolygon &ex_poly) { return sum + ex_poly.holes.size(); }));
    for (const ExPolygon &ex_poly : ex_polygons) {
        contours.emplace_back(ex_poly.contour);
        append(holes, ex_poly.holes);
    }
    return std::make_pair(std::move(contours), std::move(holes));
}

// called by AvoidCrossingPerimeters::init_layer()
static ExPolygons get_boundary(const Layer &layer)
{
    const float perimeter_spacing = get_perimeter_spacing(layer);
    const float perimeter_offset  = perimeter_spacing / 2.f;
    size_t      polygons_count    = 0;
    for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : layer.regions())
        polygons_count += layer_region->slices.surfaces.size();

    ExPolygons boundary;
    boundary.reserve(polygons_count);
    for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : layer.regions())
        for (const Surface &surface : layer_region->slices.surfaces)
            boundary.emplace_back(surface.expolygon);

    boundary                      = union_ex(boundary);
    ExPolygons perimeter_boundary = offset_ex(boundary, -perimeter_offset);
    ExPolygons result_boundary;
    if (perimeter_boundary.size() != boundary.size()) {
        //FIXME ???
        // If any part of the polygon is missing after shrinking, then for misisng parts are is used the boundary of the slice.
        ExPolygons missing_perimeter_boundary = offset_ex(diff_ex(boundary,
                                                                  offset_ex(perimeter_boundary, perimeter_offset + float(SCALED_EPSILON) / 2.f)),
                                                          perimeter_offset + float(SCALED_EPSILON));
        perimeter_boundary                    = offset_ex(perimeter_boundary, perimeter_offset);
        append(perimeter_boundary, std::move(missing_perimeter_boundary));
        // By calling intersection_ex some artifacts arose by previous operations are removed.
        result_boundary = intersection_ex(offset_ex(perimeter_boundary, -perimeter_offset), boundary);
    } else {
        result_boundary = std::move(perimeter_boundary);
    }

    auto [contours, holes] = split_expolygon(boundary);
    // Add an outer boundary to avoid crossing perimeters from supports
    ExPolygons outer_boundary = union_ex(
        //FIXME flip order of offset and convex_hull
        diff(static_cast<Polygons>(Geometry::convex_hull(offset(contours, 2.f * perimeter_spacing))),
             offset(contours, perimeter_spacing + perimeter_offset)));
    result_boundary.insert(result_boundary.end(), outer_boundary.begin(), outer_boundary.end());
    ExPolygons holes_boundary = offset_ex(holes, -perimeter_spacing);
    result_boundary.insert(result_boundary.end(), holes_boundary.begin(), holes_boundary.end());
    result_boundary = union_ex(result_boundary);

    // Collect all top layers that will not be crossed.
    polygons_count = 0;
    for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : layer.regions())
        for (const Surface &surface : layer_region->fill_surfaces.surfaces)
            if (surface.is_top()) ++polygons_count;

    if (polygons_count > 0) {
        ExPolygons top_layer_polygons;
        top_layer_polygons.reserve(polygons_count);
        for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : layer.regions())
            for (const Surface &surface : layer_region->fill_surfaces.surfaces)
                if (surface.is_top()) top_layer_polygons.emplace_back(surface.expolygon);

        top_layer_polygons = union_ex(top_layer_polygons);
        return diff_ex(result_boundary, offset_ex(top_layer_polygons, -perimeter_offset));
    }

    return result_boundary;
}

// called by AvoidCrossingPerimeters::init_layer()
static ExPolygons get_boundary_external(const Layer &layer)
{
    const float perimeter_spacing = get_perimeter_spacing_external(layer);
    const float perimeter_offset  = perimeter_spacing / 2.f;
    ExPolygons  boundary;
    // Collect all polygons for all printed objects and their instances, which will be printed at the same time as passed "layer".
    for (const PrintObject *object : layer.object()->print()->objects()) {
        ExPolygons polygons_per_obj;
        //FIXME with different layering, layers on other objects will not be found at this object's print_z.
        // Search an overlap of layers?
        if (const Layer* l = object->get_layer_at_printz(layer.print_z, EPSILON); l) 
            for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : l->regions())
                for (const Surface &surface : layer_region->slices.surfaces)
                    polygons_per_obj.emplace_back(surface.expolygon);

        for (const PrintInstance &instance : object->instances()) {
            size_t boundary_idx = boundary.size();
            boundary.insert(boundary.end(), polygons_per_obj.begin(), polygons_per_obj.end());
            for (; boundary_idx < boundary.size(); ++boundary_idx)
                boundary[boundary_idx].translate(instance.shift);
        }
    }
    boundary               = union_ex(boundary);
    auto [contours, holes] = split_expolygon(boundary);
    // Polygons in which is possible traveling without crossing perimeters of another object.
    // A convex hull allows removing unnecessary detour caused by following the boundary of the object.
    ExPolygons result_boundary = union_ex(
        //FIXME flip order of offset and convex_hull
        diff(static_cast<Polygons>(Geometry::convex_hull(offset(contours, 2.f * perimeter_spacing))),
             offset(contours,  perimeter_spacing + perimeter_offset)));
    // All holes are extended for forcing travel around the outer perimeter of a hole when a hole is crossed.
    append(result_boundary, union_ex(diff(offset(holes, perimeter_spacing), offset(holes, perimeter_offset))));
    return union_ex(result_boundary);
}

void AvoidCrossingPerimeters::init_layer(const Layer &layer)
{
    m_slice.clear();
    m_boundaries.clear();
    m_boundaries_external.clear();

    for (const LayerRegion *layer_region : layer.regions())
        //FIXME making copies?
        append(m_slice, (ExPolygons) layer_region->slices);

    m_boundaries = to_polygons(get_boundary(layer));
    m_boundaries_external = to_polygons(get_boundary_external(layer));

    BoundingBox bbox(get_extents(m_boundaries));
    bbox.offset(SCALED_EPSILON);
    BoundingBox bbox_external = get_extents(m_boundaries_external);
    bbox_external.offset(SCALED_EPSILON);

    m_bbox = BoundingBoxf(bbox.min.cast<double>(), bbox.max.cast<double>());
    m_bbox_external = BoundingBoxf(bbox_external.min.cast<double>(), bbox_external.max.cast<double>());

    m_grid.set_bbox(bbox);
    //FIXME 1mm grid?
    m_grid.create(m_boundaries, coord_t(scale_(1.)));
    m_grid_external.set_bbox(bbox_external);
    //FIXME 1mm grid?
    m_grid_external.create(m_boundaries_external, coord_t(scale_(1.)));
}

} // namespace Slic3r